The earlier chapters are available below ending with the first part of chapter three, which describes Lenin and what the author knew and understood about Lenin's character and politics.
My introduction to Byltingin í Rússlandi
The Sources, Preface and Introduction contain more about their reasons for writing.
Part One: Reaction and Progress
Part Two: The Revolution
Part Three: Bolshevism, a portrait of Lenin
Reminder: Bylting í Rússlandi uses the New Style Russian calendar - the Gregorian calendar - introduced in Russia by the Bolsheviks in 1918 which added thirteen days to the Old Style Julian calendar. This is why the author refers to the revolutions in February and October as the March Revolution and the November Revolution. I have kept the author's dates in my translation.
Part Three: Bolshevism and Marxism
Lenin and the other Bolsheviks follow the essentials of socialism as laid out in the teachings of Karl Marx. Let’s say a few words about those here. Nowadays, states throughout the developed world suffer intolerable capitalist oppression. This system is built on a relatively small group of of rich people that has control over land and the means of production and takes the working class—which is called free—to serve itself.What the working class gets paid for its work is generally no more than is strictly necessary to live and work. All the other dividends of production are taken by the rich. Vast accumulation is achieved by taking more and more of the value of the working class’s work into their own pockets. Working people don’t own anything—they are proletarians; they have nothing but their ability to work for capitalists and so they have to work for the bourgeoisie, the employers.
In reality, isn’t this just the old slavery masked?
As long as the bourgeoisie hold the means of production, workers will be subject to whatever conditions, or disadvantages that this group of people inflict on them. Otherwise they and their family will starve. Mankind is increasingly being divided into two classes - bourgeoisie and proletarians - oppressors and the oppressed.
But the bourgeoisie who control the means of production, also have to compete for the control of the world market. So they also have to compete with each other. This stupid battle uses all kinds of shameful weapons—treachery, deceit, all sorts of underhand behaviour and worse. It is true that competition pushed people to find continually newer ways to produce cheaper goods than before. But who profits because they have taken up new and better machines? Not the working class, not ordinary people, just the bourgeoisie.
The development of production has meant better machines that usually make workers redundant, because as machines improved they need fewer and fewer workers to control them. Workers have to struggle with unemployment and all kinds of poverty and distress. Their conditions and their welfare are of little concern to employers and the bourgeoisie on easy street.
But when the majority of people get so little for their work, hardly enough to get by on, it is no wonder that they cannot buy much. The result is the majority of manufactured goods in the world don’t sell. It causes a deep crisis in the markets, even large companies go bankrupt and unemployment and hunger follow. There is nothing to be done about this, no matter how large the company is.
The bourgeoisie cannot control recessions. Time passes, production grows and they become obscenely rich. In reality, employment and production grows over their heads. They don’t have control over it. For the majority, the workers this situation is intolerable and finally the workers—the proletariat—rose against the bourgeoisie and overthrew their power with revolution. The revolution now happening in Russia will soon spread worldwide, say the Bolsheviks.
As long as the bourgeoisie hold the means of production, workers will be subject to whatever conditions, or disadvantages that this group of people inflict on them. Otherwise they and their family will starve. Mankind is increasingly being divided into two classes - bourgeoisie and proletarians - oppressors and the oppressed.
But the bourgeoisie who control the means of production, also have to compete for the control of the world market. So they also have to compete with each other. This stupid battle uses all kinds of shameful weapons—treachery, deceit, all sorts of underhand behaviour and worse. It is true that competition pushed people to find continually newer ways to produce cheaper goods than before. But who profits because they have taken up new and better machines? Not the working class, not ordinary people, just the bourgeoisie.
The development of production has meant better machines that usually make workers redundant, because as machines improved they need fewer and fewer workers to control them. Workers have to struggle with unemployment and all kinds of poverty and distress. Their conditions and their welfare are of little concern to employers and the bourgeoisie on easy street.
But when the majority of people get so little for their work, hardly enough to get by on, it is no wonder that they cannot buy much. The result is the majority of manufactured goods in the world don’t sell. It causes a deep crisis in the markets, even large companies go bankrupt and unemployment and hunger follow. There is nothing to be done about this, no matter how large the company is.
The bourgeoisie cannot control recessions. Time passes, production grows and they become obscenely rich. In reality, employment and production grows over their heads. They don’t have control over it. For the majority, the workers this situation is intolerable and finally the workers—the proletariat—rose against the bourgeoisie and overthrew their power with revolution. The revolution now happening in Russia will soon spread worldwide, say the Bolsheviks.
Communist Manifesto
There is probably no clearer way to explain the teachings of Karl Marx, theoretical father of the Russian communists—the Bolsheviks—and the entire world’s communists than by reproducing here extracts from the Communist Manifesto, which was published in 1848 and written by Marx himself with his comrade Engels.“The history of all past ages is the history of class struggle[1]. The oppressed and the oppressors have continually fought each other, in secret and openly. Each time the fight has ended, either in society being transformed by revolution or with both sides being ruined.
The Bourgeoisie
Bourgeois society that rose from the ruins of the feudal order has not wiped out class differences. It has created new classes in place of the old ones, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle. But there is something special about the modern age of money. It has simplified class divisions. All human society kind is being divided into just two opposing classes—the rich and the proletariat.Of course the bourgeoisie has created a revolution in production methods and transport but as soon as it rose a new social structure formed. Great industry and trade has put power in the hands of the money men. Governments now are nothing but committees of people that exist to look after the common interests of the rich.
The bourgeoisie has wrought great changes. Human dignity has been turned into cash values, it has established a ruthless free trade. The need for ever larger markets because of growing production has driven it to conquer the whole world. But by creating a world market, human consumption and production have become international. In place of the old needs, satisfied by each country’s own production, rose new wants that for satisfaction require the products of the most distant lands and regions.
Instead of the limited area which each nation satisfied before, there are now global business connections meaning that nations become more or less dependent on one another. Meanwhile spiritual values are becoming the same in every country. All of which leads to the national divisions between people gradually disappearing.
Over the last century dominated by the bourgeoisie, they
have created forces of production greater than all the preceding generations
managed. But the bourgeoisie is like a magician who can no longer control the
demons he has conjured up. For decades, the history of industry and commerce
has been nothing but the history of the rebellion of productive forces against
production, against property rights, which in their which modern form is the
basis for the existence of the bourgeoisie and their rule. In this respect, it
is enough to point to the trade crises, which repeatedly threaten to ruin our
entire society.
The weapons with which the bourgeoisie defeated feudalism
are now turned on them. But they haven’t simply made the weapons by which they
will eventually be destroyed, they have also created the army to wield them—the
workers, the modern proletariat.
The Proletariat
The workers get barely enough from their work to eke out a
living and remain human. They are not just the slaves of the bourgeoisie; with
each passing day they are enslaved to the machines, the foremen and
particularly to individual capitalists. And what makes this oppression all the
more vile is that its goal is merely the gratification of the avaricious.
As soon as the proletariat was formed, it began to struggle
against the bourgeoisie. At first individual workers fought them, then all the
workers in the same factory, then all those in the same kind of work in one
area. At this stage, the workers are spread out through the country,
unorganised and in competition with each other. But with the development of
industry, the proletariat multiplies and it becomes more and more concentrated.
As its strength grows so it feels that strength more. The struggle between
individual workers and employers gradually becomes class struggle.
The workers
create associations against the bourgeoisie. They band together to win
acceptable wages, they even create societies for rebellion and riots erupt. But
although the workers in these battles sometimes get their specific demands met,
this is not the greatest gain they win. No, their organisation, strengthened
after each bout is the most valuable fruit of struggle at this stage. And
finally improved communications strengthen their union so that small, local
battles become almighty class struggle.
The proletarian owns nothing. His family life is nothing
like the family life of the bourgeoisie. Every country is oppressed by
capitalism, no one country is better for him than another. He does not know the
sense of national pride. The Law, traditions, religion—are all in his eyes,
cloaks of the bourgeoisie. They use them for their own ends, to strengthen
their own financial interests.
All classes that took power in past centuries have tried to
maintain their position by imposing their system on the masses. The proletariat
cannot just take power unless they abolish the existing system. They have
nothing themselves that they need to secure; they have to tear down all the old
privileges. All previous systems have served the minority or at least its
interests, but the proletarian movement fights for the common interest and
serves the overwhelming majority of people.
The proletariat cannot get its rights; it cannot gain a
freedom separate from the whole system that weighs down on it, without that
system exploding.
What is the relationship now between communists and the
proletariat?
Their goal is the same as all other proletarian parties: To
gather the proletariat together in one class, overthrow the power of the
bourgeoisie and take control on behalf of the proletariat.
The capitalists are terrified that the communists will
abolish individual property rights. But let’s be clear, in our societies’
individual property rights do not exist for nine tenths of the population. And
the remaining property rights of the few only exist because the majority have
nothing.
You accuse us of wanting to abolish individual property rights that
are inextricably linked to the majority of people having nothing at all. You
accuse us of interfering in your right to own. Well that is what we are going
to do.
Communism does not strip anyone of their right to personal
property. But it does strip from people the ability to use such assets to crush
others. It has been claimed that all desire to work will disappear and
everything will be ruined when individual property rights are abolished. If
that were true, society would have collapsed long ago from human sloth, because
nowadays those that work own nothing, while those that do own something are
precisely the people who don’t work.
It is claimed that Communists desperately want to destroy
the fatherland and eliminate patriotism. But workers do not have a fatherland.
It is not possible to take from them something that they do not have. Division
of human beings into countries will gradually disappear when capitalism is
overthrown. In all likelihood divisions will disappear completely when the
proletariat has taken power. International proletarian revolution, at least in
developed countries is one of the necessary conditions for gaining its freedom.
When individuals stop oppressing and impoverishing each
others, so will states. When all hostility is over between classes, there
cannot be any hostility between countries. When the proletariat has taken
power, it will focus first on taking capital away from bourgeoisie and will
nationalise the means of production, to make them assets for everyone. So when
the class distinctions have gone and all production is in the hands of ordinary
people, then the state will cease to be a political power.
Political power in
reality is nothing but the power of one class to oppress others. But when the
proletariat gathers together in one class to fight the bourgeoisie, when by
revolution they take power into their own hands and end the old systems of
production, then they will immediately lose all the conditions for class
distinctions as well as the particular attributes that make them a special
class.
The old system of classes and class distinctions will be
replaced by a human society where the free development of each individual is
the condition for the free development of all.
The manifesto ends with these words:
Communists disdain to hide their views. They declare
publicly that their goal will only be achieved by tearing down the old system.
Above you, who now hold power, looms the Communist Revolution. The Proletariat
has nothing to lose but its chains. But they have a whole world to win.
Proletarians of all countries, unite!
